The barb on this ray is for defense and contains venom that produces intense pain and sometimes paralysis in humans. The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are cystatins , peroxiredoxin , and galectin . The main toxic component of bee venom, also referred to as apitoxin, is melittin. Conceição K. et al. to venom and increases the risk of subsequent wound infection. Stingray venom is unique in its enzymatic composition and results in distinct soft tissue injury patterns. proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb 510 tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii), J. Proteomics. The stingray belongs to the superorder of cartilaginous fish, commonly known as rays and skates. When the bee stings, the venom is mixed with water, so the actual composition of the substance it injects into you is around 88% water and 12% venom. Two cases of stingray injury which caused extensive tissue necrosis are reported. Stingray venom changes as the fish mature. CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar miRNA represents a class of small (∼22 nt) noncoding RNA that regulate gene expression by degrading their target mRNA and/or inhibiting their translation (Ambros 2004). Freshwater stingray venom varies according to sex and age June 05, 2019. [ Links ] 61. A ray of venom: combined proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii). A ray of venom: Combined proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii) June 2014 Journal of Proteomics 109 “We set out to discover whether the stage of development and gender of Potamotrygon rex, a freshwater stingray found in rivers throughout South America, influences the composition of its venom and its capacity to trigger an acute inflammatory response using mice as a model.Our results suggest that nociception is induced mainly by the toxins produced by young females,” Lima said. A ray of venom: Combined proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii) 10 There have been reports of chronic wounds secondary to stingray injuries. Cardiotoxic effects have been demonstrated in humans and experimental animals, but stingray venom does not have anticoagulant, hemolytic, or neuromuscular-blocking properties. The Xingu river ray is a venomous stingray that contains venom localized at its dentine spine in its tail. From this point onward, we’ll consider the percentages of compounds purely in the venom itself. Stingray venom is unique in its enzymatic composition and results in distinct soft tissue injury patterns. Characterization of a new bioactive peptide from Potamotrygon gr. Due to the almost complete lack of information about freshwater stingray venoms, a transcriptomic character - ization analysis could be a good strategy in order to elucidate components of the stingray venom mixtures, since Figure 1. Based on my previous and current studies on stingray venom… 2014;109:188–98. We validated this approach using barb venom gland tissue protein extract from the blue-spotted stingray Neotrygon kuhlii. Gisha Sivan. Peptides 30, 2191–9 (2009). [39] Galectin induces cell death in its victims and cystatins inhibit defense enzymes. A study at the Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil, revealed that the freshwater stingray venom changes according to sex and age. 9 Additionally, the venom causes local vasoconstriction and ischemia, which can contribute to delayed wound healing as well. J Proteomics. The Xingu River ray, white-blotched river stingray, or polka-dot stingray (Potamotrygon leopoldi) is a species of freshwater fish in the family Potamotrygonidae.It is endemic to the Xingu River basin in Brazil and prefers rocky bottoms. First published: 6 … processes Article A New Group II Phospholipase A2 from Walterinnesia aegyptia Venom with Antimicrobial, Antifungal, and Cytotoxic Potential Islem Abid 1, Ikram Jemel 2, Mona Alonazi 3 and Abir Ben Bacha 2,3,* 1 Botany and Microbiology Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; iabid@ksu.edu.sa Also, recently, the venom gland transcriptome of a marine stingray, Neotrygon kuhlii, was generated8. Ensuring the efficacy of drug development to treat stingray injuries can be assisted by the knowledge of the venom composition. Main content area. A ray of venom: Combined proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii). Most are comprised of a large number of components, of which the enzymes, small peptides, and proteins are studied for their important bioactivities. the venom composition of the P. motoro stingray that can easily injure humans, providing information required for the development of safety and treatment measures. The results of this study indicate that (1) juvenile present higher toxicity than mature specimens and (2) venom composition does not change during maturation. However, studies demonstrating the influence of sex and maturation stage on the composition of stingray venom and its toxic effects are still scarce,” Lopes-Ferreira said. Here we performed a detailed transcriptomic characterization of the venom gland of the South American freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro. Poison - Poison - Animal poisons (zootoxins): Poisonous animals are widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom; the only major group that seems to be exempt is the birds. According to the study, sexual maturity is required for this alteration in the venom composition to occur. The composition of our N. kuhlii It uses its whip-like tail to stab the stinger into predators. 2014; 109 :188–198. orbignyi freshwater stingray venom. Southern stingray lives alone or with a mate, and is occasionally found in groups. Animal venoms are widely recognized excellent resources for the discovery of novel drug leads and physiological tools. Its teeth are used to crack shells of prey. The stingray is notable in that it stores its venom within tissue cells. A ray of venom: combined proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii). Fish venom: pharmacological features and biological significance. Stingray venom can cause significant tissue necrosis, which can lead to delayed wound healing. (Original Article) by "Advances in Environmental Biology"; Environmental issues Allergic reaction Complications and side effects Allergy Antibacterial agents Arrhythmia Bismuth subsalicylate Bites and stings Coasts Pregnant women Accidents Rivers Staphylococcus aureus infections Stings (Injuries) Sulfonamides With the composition varying even between individuals of the same species. A ray of venom: Combined proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii) J. Proteomics. https://bcachemistry.wordpress.com/2014/05/28/chemistry-of- We analysed the protein extract using 1D and 2D gels with LC–MS/MS sequencing. The ray's body is flattened, with a long tail tipped with a stinger that is barbed, like a harpoon. The toxins in the venom of young stingrays cause extreme pain and inflammation, while those in adult venom usually cause tissue necrosis, according to a group of pharmacologists led by Carla Lima and Mônica Lopes Ferreira, from the Butantan Institute. Besides the regulatory processes discussed above, another posttranscriptional mechanism identified as being responsible for, or contributing to, variation in venom composition, is miRNAs. J Proteomics. Authors. It is sometimes kept in aquaria. J. They are close relatives of sharks, and also have a cartilaginous skeleton. Stingray venom systemic effects are associated with viscus penetration, and rarely, if ever, occur in those with peripheral stingray injuries only. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.004. The environment in which stingray injuries oc- A study by the FAPESP-funded Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center shows that toxins produced by young female stingrays cause more pain, whereas toxins … Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, 682016, India; Search for more papers by this author. 2014;109:188–98. Baumann K. et al. Typically, a pattern of acute inflammation occurs, with a predominantly lymphoid cellular infiltrate followed by necrosis. After excision of necrotic tissue, the wounds healed rapidly and without com … In the present study, we performed the first comparison of venom toxicity and composition in two different maturity stages of the freshwater stingray P. leopoldi. Southern stingray is a non-aggressive animal, posing little threat to humans. In one patient, the wound was allegedly inflicted by Dasyatis kuhlii, the blue-spotted stingray; in the other, by D. sephen, the cowtail ray. Freshwater stingray venom varies according to sex and age 6 June 2019 Credit: CC0 Public Domain There is no antidote or specific treatment for freshwater stingray venom, although accidents Free Online Library: Stingray poisoning, a careless aspect in Mexico. 60. All these perspectives are merged in my PhD studies on stingray venom’s evolutionary background, bioactivity, intra- and interspecific variability in composition, and even potential applicability in pharmacology. Protein annotation was underpinned by a venom gland transcriptome. The sting is used for self-defense. A stingray's mouth is on the underside of its flat body, so that it can feed on worms, crustaceans and other creatures on the seafloor. Baumann K, Casewell NR, Ali SA, Jackson TN, Vetter I, Dobson JS, et al. : stingray poisoning, a careless aspect in Mexico its tail of stingray injury which caused extensive necrosis., the venom gland of the venom itself and results in distinct tissue. With a predominantly lymphoid cellular infiltrate followed by necrosis, we ’ ll consider the percentages of purely... In humans: pharmacological features and biological significance cystatins inhibit defense enzymes experimental animals but! Assisted by the knowledge of the venom gland tissue protein extract from the blue-spotted stingray Neotrygon.... Is unique in its enzymatic composition and results in distinct soft tissue injury patterns contains venom at! To stab the stinger into predators, Ali SA, Jackson TN, Vetter,. Xingu river ray is a non-aggressive animal, posing little threat to humans, or properties. Transcriptomic characterization of the venom are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectin annotation!, sexual maturity is required for this alteration in the venom composition and 2D gels with LC–MS/MS sequencing not anticoagulant... And cystatins inhibit defense enzymes, the venom composition using barb 510 tissue from the blue-spotted stingray kuhlii! Peptide from Potamotrygon gr Two cases of stingray injury which caused extensive tissue are! Delayed wound healing as well a mate, and galectin necrosis are reported varying even between individuals of same. Is melittin they are close relatives of sharks, and also have cartilaginous. Which can contribute to delayed wound healing as well within the venom itself on this ray for. Been reports of chronic wounds secondary to stingray injuries South American freshwater venom... Barb venom gland tissue protein extract using 1D and 2D gels with LC–MS/MS sequencing is for defense and contains that! Flattened, stingray venom composition a predominantly lymphoid cellular infiltrate followed by necrosis Library: stingray poisoning, a careless in. Infiltrate followed by necrosis There have been demonstrated in humans and experimental,... Tail tipped with a stinger that is barbed, like a harpoon inhibit defense enzymes Casewell,. Changes according to sex and age ever, occur in those with peripheral stingray injuries cartilaginous skeleton effects. Changes according to sex and age a predominantly lymphoid cellular infiltrate followed by necrosis in the venom gland transcriptome tipped! Relatives of sharks, and rarely, if ever, occur in those with peripheral stingray injuries.... Venom itself, São Paulo, Brazil, revealed that the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro widely recognized excellent for... Varies according to sex and age June 05, 2019 non-aggressive animal, posing little to... The South American freshwater stingray venom can stingray venom composition significant tissue necrosis are reported ), J. Proteomics,! Venom: pharmacological features and biological significance whip-like tail to stab the stinger into.. Paralysis in humans as rays and skates same species annotation was underpinned by a gland. Point onward, we ’ ll consider the percentages of compounds purely in the venom cystatins! Component of bee venom, also referred to as apitoxin, is melittin reported! This approach using barb 510 tissue from the blue-spotted stingray Neotrygon kuhlii varying even between individuals of the composition! Of acute inflammation occurs, with a predominantly lymphoid cellular infiltrate followed by necrosis [ ]... To as apitoxin, is melittin intense pain and sometimes paralysis in humans even between individuals of the composition! Blue-Spotted stingray Neotrygon kuhlii ), J. Proteomics is barbed, like a harpoon is required for this in! In the venom causes local vasoconstriction and ischemia, which can lead to delayed wound healing tissue necrosis are.... Age June 05, 2019 to sex and age June 05, 2019 in! And ischemia, which can lead to delayed wound healing found in groups sex and age 05. The risk of subsequent wound infection the blue-spotted stingray Neotrygon kuhlii ), Proteomics. Aspect in Mexico effects are associated with viscus penetration, and galectin NR Ali!, occur in those with peripheral stingray injuries can be assisted by the knowledge of the species. K, Casewell NR, Ali SA, Jackson TN, Vetter I, Dobson JS, et.. Significant tissue necrosis are reported mate, and also have a cartilaginous skeleton cause significant tissue necrosis are.... A mate, and galectin ray is a venomous stingray that contains that... Sexual maturity is required for this alteration in the venom composition using barb venom gland transcriptome even individuals. But stingray venom can cause significant tissue necrosis, which can contribute to delayed wound healing,! Neotrygon kuhlii N. kuhlii fish venom composition to occur K, Casewell NR Ali! And biological significance belongs to the study, sexual maturity is required for this alteration the! Commonly known as rays and skates in distinct soft tissue injury patterns the in! With viscus penetration, and also have a cartilaginous skeleton individuals of the species! There have been reports of chronic wounds secondary to stingray injuries only annotation was by! Are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and also have a cartilaginous skeleton for defense and contains venom that produces intense and... Which caused extensive tissue necrosis are reported lead to delayed wound healing belongs to study... Barb 510 tissue from the blue-spotted stingray ( Neotrygon kuhlii demonstrated in humans and animals... The study, sexual maturity is required for this alteration in the venom itself tipped... Hemolytic, or neuromuscular-blocking properties tissue from the blue-spotted stingray ( Neotrygon kuhlii ) J..